Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Benign Cardiac Masses: A Pictorial Essay

Myxoma

Approximately 50% of primary cardiac neoplasms are myxomas, with 75% of these originating from the left atrium.[26] On cine imaging, (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm30.gif Fig 1a) a narrow stalk that attaches to the inter-atrial septum or prolapse of the myxoma across the atrioventricular valve may be observed [Figure 1a]. Myxomas are often isointense to myocardium on SSFP/T1-weighted and hypointense on T2-weighted imaging [Figure 1b] and [1c]. Variable heterogeneous enhancement may be seen after contrast administration [Figure 1d]. On transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), myxomas appear lobular and heterogeneously echogenic with a characteristic stalk and relative mobility [ e]. In patients with a cardiac myxoma, a careful history and physical assessment is advised as myxomas of the heart, skin, or breast can be seen in patients with spotty skin pigmentation, schwannomas, and endocrine disorders, including Cushing syndrome.[7] This autosomal dominant condition was originally described, nearly 3 decades ago, as being most often due to a mutation in the tumor suppressor gene PRKAR1A that encodes the protein kinase A regulatory subunit.[8]

Close

Figure 1

60-year-old female with shortness of breath diagnosed with myxoma. (a) Steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine imaging demonstrates a mobile mass in the left atrium originating from the interatrial septum suggestive of myxoma. (b) SSFP imaging shows the mass is isointense to myocardium and (c) on T2- weighted imaging the mass is hypointense. (d) Post contrast enhancement shows heterogeneous signal and (e) gray-scale transthoracic echocardiogram TTE demonstrates a lobular, heterogeneously echogenic left atrial mass shows a myoxma (white arrows).

Export to PPT

Papillary fibroelastoma

Papillary fibroelastomas are the most common primary cardiac tumor to originate from a cardiac valve, and the second most common tumor overall.[2] There is a slight predilection for fibroelastomas to occur on the aortic and mitral valve. While left-sided tumors may present with symptoms related to systemic embolization, right-sided tumors are usually asymptomatic.[9] Papillary fibroelastomas are typically seen on TTE as a small mobile mass attached to a cardiac valve with a characteristic “shimmer” artifact at the interface of the mass with adjacent blood [Figure 2a].[10] Visualizing papillary fibroelastomas on MR has traditionally been limited due to the typically small size at detection. If visualized on MRI cine SSFP imaging, the mass would typically be mobile and attached to a cardiac valve by a short stalk with adjacent turbulent blood flow [Figure 2b]. The signal characteristics of papillary fibroelastomas are not well-reported. A case at our institution presented as a hypointense mass on SSFP and post-contrast T1-weighted imaging was conspicuous due to bright blood signal on these sequences which outlined the mass [Figure 2c and 2d]. The mass was not well-visualized on T2-weighted images [Figure 2e].

Close

Figure 2

50-year-old female with a history of chest pressure diagnosed with papillary fibroelastoma. (a) Gray-scale TTE and (b-e) MR imaging of the heart: (a) TTE shows a small mobile mass attached to a cardiac valve with “shimmer” artifact (white arrow) compatible with a papillary fibroelastoma, (c) SSFP cine shows the mass was attached to the mitral valve by a short stalk and mobile with turbulent blood flow, (c) On SSFP the mass was hypointense and (d) post contrast T1-weighted image shows the mass was also hypointense (black arrow) and (e) T2-weighted imaging reveals the mass is inconspicuous.

Export to PPT

Lipoma

Cardiac lipomas are rare benign primary cardiac neoplasms of mature adipose tissue that may originate from the epicardium or endocardium. When cardiac lipomas originate from the endocardium, decreased mobility and a broad base of attachment on cine imaging (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm32.gif Fig 3a) may help differentiate a lipoma from a myxoma [Figure 3a]. Lipomas are characteristically hyperintense on both T1- and T2-weighted images without enhancement after contrast administration [Figure 3b-d]. Lipomas are echogenic, lobular, and homogeneously echogenic on TTE [Figure 3e].

Close

Figure 3

79-year old female with shortness of breath diagnosed with cardiac lipoma. (a) SSFP cine shows a non-mobile circumscribed mass with a broad base of attachment to the inter-atrial septum compatible with a lipoma. (b) T1-weighted, (c) T2- weighted, and (d) without enhancement images show the mass is hyperintense (white arrows) and (e) TTE shows the mass is echogenic, lobular, and homogeneously echogenic (white arrow).

Export to PPT

Fibroma

Fibromas are rare benign fibrous tumors that primarily occur within the interventricular septum or left ventricular free wall of children.[2] On cine imaging (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm33.gif Fig 4a), fibromas appear as a non-contractile mass that often narrows the ventricular cavity [Figure 4a]. The fibrous nature of the tumor produces hypointense signal on SSFP and T2-weighted imaging [Figure 4b] and [4c]. While little or no tumoral enhancement is often reported, enhancement patterns are variable and include heterogeneous, homogeneous, and peripheral enhancement.[11]

Close

Figure 4

16-year old asymptomatic female with a history of atrial septal defect repair as an infant diagnosed with fibroma. (a) SSFP cine of the heart shows a non-mobile mass originating from the right ventricular wall. (b) SSFP and (c) T2-weighted images show that the fibrous nature of the tumor produces hypointense signal (white arrows), compatible with a fibroma.

Export to PPT

Hemangioma

Hemangiomas account for approximately 5% of cardiac tumors and may occur in either the endocardium, myocardium, or epicardium.[12] On MR cine SSFP imaging (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm34.gif Fig 5a) a cardiac hemangioma may appear as a non-mobile, non-contractile mass without predilection for a given cardiac chamber [Figure 5a]. On T1-weighted imaging, hemangiomas are isotense secondary to slow flow with hyperintense signal on T2-weighted imaging [Figure 5b] and [5c]. Strong heterogeneous to homogeneous enhancement is observed after contrast administration [Figure 5d].

Close

Figure 5

49-year old female with a 20-year history of episodic supraventricular tachycardia and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome later diagnosed on pathology investigations with hemangioma. (a) MR cine SSFP imaging shows a non-mobile, non-contractile mass in the left ventricle. (b) T1-weighted image shows the mass is isointense, (c) T2-weighted image reveals the mass is hyperintense, and (d) After contrast administration, the mass demonstrates strong enhancement (white arrows).

Export to PPT

Paraganglioma

Paragangliomas are rare tumors of chromaffin cells that can present with symptoms related to catecholamine release, most commonly hypertension. A cardiac location for paragangliomas are exceedingly rare, with the roof of the left atrium and the inter-atrial septum the most common locations, when they do occur.[13] Paragangliomas are hypo- to iso-intense on T1-weighted imaging and classically hyper-intense on T2-weighted imaging with avid contrast enhancement.

Thrombus

Intra-cardiac thombi are relatively common and may be seen in the setting of atrial fibrillation or after myocardial infarction or central line placement. Transthoracic or transesophageal ultrasound combined with clinical correlation is often sufficient to arrive at the correct diagnosis. In the rare case where differentiating between thrombus and true mass is difficult, cardiac MRI can provide valuable information.

Delayed enhancement using a segmented inversion recovery sequence [Figure 6a] increases the sensitivity for thrombus detection compared to MRI cine SSFP sequences.[14] On cine imaging (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm35.gif Fig 6b), a location in an area of wall motion abnormality or in the left atrial appendage is suggestive of thrombus [Figure 6b]. The morphological appearance is clinically relevant as the risk for embolism is significantly higher with mobile or protruding thrombi compared to flat thrombi.[15] The signal on T1- and T2-weighted images may be variable and heterogeneous. Increasing the inversion times to 400-600 ms can increase contrast resolution between thrombus and myocardium during inversion recovery sequences (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm36.gif Fig 6c) [Figure 6c].

Close

Figure 6

69-year-old male with chest pain diagnosed with left ventricular thrombus. (a-c) MR of the heart: (a) Delayed-enhancement inversion recovery sequence demonstrates a hypointense mass (black arrow) at the apex of the left ventricle. (b) SSFP cine imaging reveals hypokinesis of the left ventricular wall in this region, and (c) Cine of the left ventricle with different inversion times differentiates the mass from normal myocardium. Findings are diagnostic of left ventricular thrombus.

Export to PPT

Lipomatous hypertrophy

Lipomatous hypertrophy of the intra-atrial septum is septal infiltration by non-encapsulated adipose, seen almost exclusively in the setting of obesity. Normally the inter-atrial septum is less than 1 cm in thickness, but thickening of the septum caudal to the fossa ovale to greater than 7 cm may be seen with lipomatous hypertrophy.[16] MRI cine SSFP sequence demonstrates non-encapsulated hyper-intense septal thickening [Figure 7a]. Lipomatous hypertrophy is hyper-intense on T1- and T2-weighted sequences and does not enhance after contrast administration [Figure 7b-d].

Close

Figure 7

55-year-old male with dyspnea on exertion diagnosed with lipomatous hypertrophy. (a-d) MR of the heart: (a) Steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine demonstrates a non-contractile, non-encapsulated hyperintense inter-atrial septal thickening, (b) T1-weighted, (c) T2-weighted, and (d) without enhancement images show hyperintense signal in the area of thickening (white arrows). Findings are compatible with lipomatous hypertrophy.

Export to PPT