Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Benign Cardiac Masses: A Pictorial Essay

Thomas J. Ward; Michael A. Kadoch; Adam H. Jacobi; Pablo P. Lopez; Javier Sanz Salvo; Matthew D. Cham

doi:10.4103/2156-7514.117458

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PICTORIAL ESSAY

2013

:3;

doi:

10.4103/2156-7514.117458

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Benign Cardiac Masses: A Pictorial Essay

Thomas J. Ward^,, Michael A. Kadoch, Adam H. Jacobi, Pablo P. Lopez¹, Javier Sanz Salvo¹, Matthew D. Cham

Department of Radiology, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

1Department of Cardiology, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Address for correspondence: Dr. Thomas J. Ward, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1234, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York 10029 NY, USA. E-mail: thomasjward@gmail.com

Received: 2013-03-25, Accepted: 2013-08-06, Published: 2013-08

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Disclaimer:
This article was originally published by Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.

Abstract

The differential diagnosis for a cardiac mass includes primary and metastatic neoplasms. While primary cardiac tumors are rare, metastatic disease to the heart is a common finding in cancer patients. Several “tumor-like” processes can mimic a true cardiac neoplasm with accurate diagnosis critical at guiding appropriate management. We present a pictorial essay of the most common benign cardiac masses and “mass-like” lesions with an emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging features.

Keywords

Benign neoplasms

cardiac

cardiac masses

magnetic resonance

magnetic resonance imaging

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INTRODUCTION

Primary cardiac neoplasms are rare and usually benign, with a reported frequency of 0.02%.[1 2] Metastatic disease to the heart is common, occurring in 10% of cancer patients.[3] Transthoracic ultrasound has long been the primary modality for identifying and evaluating cardiac masses. The technology is noninvasive, cheap, widely available, and allows for real-time imaging for mass mobility. Evaluation may be limited due to patient body-habitus, a poor sonographic window, or operator inexperience. Contrast resolution on ultrasound is also relatively poor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combines noninvasive multiplanar imaging and the ability to acquire functional information with excellent contrast resolution. A regular heart rate and electrocardiographic gating are crucial for acquiring diagnostic images.

Although there is overlap of the MRI characteristics of several cardiac masses, MRI can be diagnostic in several settings and provide useful information in others. Lipomas, fibromas, and hemangiomas as well as thrombus or lipomatous hypertrophy may be confidently diagnosed with MRI. Heterogeneous signal, enhancement, necrosis, extra-cardiac spread, or pericardial effusion may be identified, with the absence of these findings suggesting benignity.[4]

Electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) images are initially acquired in the axial plane for the evaluation of suspected cardiac masses. Sagittal or coronal plane sequences may also be obtained for further delineation of tumor extent. T2-weighted SE images help enhance the contrast between tumor and myocardium and aid in identifying possible cystic or necrotic features. Gadopentetic acid (Gd-DTPA) is administered to improve contrast between tumor and myocardium on T1-weighted images. Fat-saturation techniques are effective for characterizing lipomas. Steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequences display the blood pool with high signal intensity (white blood imaging). Cine MR SSFP images provide valuable information about the movement of masses relative to other cardiovascular structures.[5]

BENIGN MASSES

Myxoma

Approximately 50% of primary cardiac neoplasms are myxomas, with 75% of these originating from the left atrium.[2 6] On cine imaging, (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm30.gif Fig 1a) a narrow stalk that attaches to the inter-atrial septum or prolapse of the myxoma across the atrioventricular valve may be observed [Figure 1a]. Myxomas are often isointense to myocardium on SSFP/T1-weighted and hypointense on T2-weighted imaging [Figure 1b] and [1c]. Variable heterogeneous enhancement may be seen after contrast administration [Figure 1d]. On transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), myxomas appear lobular and heterogeneously echogenic with a characteristic stalk and relative mobility [ e]. In patients with a cardiac myxoma, a careful history and physical assessment is advised as myxomas of the heart, skin, or breast can be seen in patients with spotty skin pigmentation, schwannomas, and endocrine disorders, including Cushing syndrome.[7] This autosomal dominant condition was originally described, nearly 3 decades ago, as being most often due to a mutation in the tumor suppressor gene PRKAR1A that encodes the protein kinase A regulatory subunit.[8]

Papillary fibroelastoma

Papillary fibroelastomas are the most common primary cardiac tumor to originate from a cardiac valve, and the second most common tumor overall.[2] There is a slight predilection for fibroelastomas to occur on the aortic and mitral valve. While left-sided tumors may present with symptoms related to systemic embolization, right-sided tumors are usually asymptomatic.[9] Papillary fibroelastomas are typically seen on TTE as a small mobile mass attached to a cardiac valve with a characteristic “shimmer” artifact at the interface of the mass with adjacent blood [Figure 2a].[10] Visualizing papillary fibroelastomas on MR has traditionally been limited due to the typically small size at detection. If visualized on MRI cine SSFP imaging, the mass would typically be mobile and attached to a cardiac valve by a short stalk with adjacent turbulent blood flow [Figure 2b]. The signal characteristics of papillary fibroelastomas are not well-reported. A case at our institution presented as a hypointense mass on SSFP and post-contrast T1-weighted imaging was conspicuous due to bright blood signal on these sequences which outlined the mass [Figure 2c and 2d]. The mass was not well-visualized on T2-weighted images [Figure 2e].

Lipoma

Cardiac lipomas are rare benign primary cardiac neoplasms of mature adipose tissue that may originate from the epicardium or endocardium. When cardiac lipomas originate from the endocardium, decreased mobility and a broad base of attachment on cine imaging (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm32.gif Fig 3a) may help differentiate a lipoma from a myxoma [Figure 3a]. Lipomas are characteristically hyperintense on both T1- and T2-weighted images without enhancement after contrast administration [Figure 3b-d]. Lipomas are echogenic, lobular, and homogeneously echogenic on TTE [Figure 3e].

Fibroma

Fibromas are rare benign fibrous tumors that primarily occur within the interventricular septum or left ventricular free wall of children.[2] On cine imaging (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm33.gif Fig 4a), fibromas appear as a non-contractile mass that often narrows the ventricular cavity [Figure 4a]. The fibrous nature of the tumor produces hypointense signal on SSFP and T2-weighted imaging [Figure 4b] and [4c]. While little or no tumoral enhancement is often reported, enhancement patterns are variable and include heterogeneous, homogeneous, and peripheral enhancement.[11]

Hemangioma

Hemangiomas account for approximately 5% of cardiac tumors and may occur in either the endocardium, myocardium, or epicardium.[12] On MR cine SSFP imaging (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm34.gif Fig 5a) a cardiac hemangioma may appear as a non-mobile, non-contractile mass without predilection for a given cardiac chamber [Figure 5a]. On T1-weighted imaging, hemangiomas are isotense secondary to slow flow with hyperintense signal on T2-weighted imaging [Figure 5b] and [5c]. Strong heterogeneous to homogeneous enhancement is observed after contrast administration [Figure 5d].

49-year old female with a 20-year history of episodic supraventricular tachycardia and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome later diagnosed on pathology investigations with hemangioma. (a) MR cine SSFP imaging shows a non-mobile, non-contractile mass in the left ventricle. (b) T1-weighted image shows the mass is isointense, (c) T2-weighted image reveals the mass is hyperintense, and (d) After contrast administration, the mass demonstrates strong enhancement (white arrows).

Paraganglioma

Paragangliomas are rare tumors of chromaffin cells that can present with symptoms related to catecholamine release, most commonly hypertension. A cardiac location for paragangliomas are exceedingly rare, with the roof of the left atrium and the inter-atrial septum the most common locations, when they do occur.[13] Paragangliomas are hypo- to iso-intense on T1-weighted imaging and classically hyper-intense on T2-weighted imaging with avid contrast enhancement.

“MASS-LIKE” LESIONS

Thrombus

Intra-cardiac thombi are relatively common and may be seen in the setting of atrial fibrillation or after myocardial infarction or central line placement. Transthoracic or transesophageal ultrasound combined with clinical correlation is often sufficient to arrive at the correct diagnosis. In the rare case where differentiating between thrombus and true mass is difficult, cardiac MRI can provide valuable information.

Delayed enhancement using a segmented inversion recovery sequence [Figure 6a] increases the sensitivity for thrombus detection compared to MRI cine SSFP sequences.[14] On cine imaging (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm35.gif Fig 6b), a location in an area of wall motion abnormality or in the left atrial appendage is suggestive of thrombus [Figure 6b]. The morphological appearance is clinically relevant as the risk for embolism is significantly higher with mobile or protruding thrombi compared to flat thrombi.[15] The signal on T1- and T2-weighted images may be variable and heterogeneous. Increasing the inversion times to 400-600 ms can increase contrast resolution between thrombus and myocardium during inversion recovery sequences (http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/articles/2013/3/1/images/JClinImagingSci_2013_3_1_34_117458_sm36.gif Fig 6c) [Figure 6c].

69-year-old male with chest pain diagnosed with left ventricular thrombus. (a-c) MR of the heart: (a) Delayed-enhancement inversion recovery sequence demonstrates a hypointense mass (black arrow) at the apex of the left ventricle. (b) SSFP cine imaging reveals hypokinesis of the left ventricular wall in this region, and (c) Cine of the left ventricle with different inversion times differentiates the mass from normal myocardium. Findings are diagnostic of left ventricular thrombus.

Lipomatous hypertrophy

Lipomatous hypertrophy of the intra-atrial septum is septal infiltration by non-encapsulated adipose, seen almost exclusively in the setting of obesity. Normally the inter-atrial septum is less than 1 cm in thickness, but thickening of the septum caudal to the fossa ovale to greater than 7 cm may be seen with lipomatous hypertrophy.[16] MRI cine SSFP sequence demonstrates non-encapsulated hyper-intense septal thickening [Figure 7a]. Lipomatous hypertrophy is hyper-intense on T1- and T2-weighted sequences and does not enhance after contrast administration [Figure 7b-d].

CONCLUSION

MRI can effectively identify imaging characteristics that suggest the type of cardiac tumor, location, mobility, base thickness, infiltration, and enhancement. MRI can also differentiate a true mass from an intra-cardiac thrombus, which will need very different management. As experience with cardiac MRI continues to increase, the rare cardiac masses will become less of a diagnostic dilemma.

Available FREE in open access from: http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/text.asp?2013/3/1/34/117458

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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